Identifying pests and understanding their life cycles is the first step in any pest control strategy. Prevention includes removing the things that attract pests (food, water, and shelter) and eliminating their places to breed and hide.
Biological controls, like the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis against grubs or mosquito-eating fish against mosquitoes, can also be helpful. Other biological methods include using pheromone traps or releasing beneficial insects to control pests. Contact Coquitlam Pest Control now!
Pest identification is the first step in pest control. It is important because pests may look similar to non-pests or different stages of the same pest. Identifying the pest correctly is vital to planning an effective management strategy and applying the proper controls.
Pests are organisms that cause unacceptable injury or damage to crops, property, people, pets, livestock, etc. Damage may be esthetic, economic, or health-related. A pest infestation is considered to be a serious nuisance when the number of organisms exceeds certain levels based on the type of situation. These levels, known as action thresholds, are determined by the sensitivity of the crop, the extent of the damage, and whether or not any other factors may be involved, such as nutrient depletion or disease pressure.
The most common pests are rodents (rats and mice), insects, weeds, birds, diseases and fungi. Some pests are a constant presence in the landscape and require regular pest control, while others may be present only occasionally or seasonally. Some require specific cultural practices, tools, or products to control them. Others need more intensive control efforts, such as chemical or biological controls.
Incorrect identification of pests is one of the most common causes of failure in a pest management program. Often, the problem is caused by a mistaken identification of a beneficial insect or an immature stage of a pest.
Scouting is an essential activity in pest control. It involves regularly searching for, identifying, and assessing pests and the damage they cause. It also includes collecting data on pests in the landscape or in the home. Scouting helps to determine if pests are a constant presence and need to be managed on an ongoing basis, or if they are sporadic and can be controlled with cultural methods such as sanitation and managing moisture around structures.
Scouting requires the use of certain tools, such as a magnifying glass and a flashlight, to examine dark or secluded areas where pests are likely to hide. Other helpful tools include a sweep net, forceps, and a vial of rubbing alcohol for killing and preserving collected specimens. An extendable mirror is also useful for examining the underside of equipment and furniture where pests might live or seek shelter.
Pest Prevention
Pest control takes many forms, from a single fly in the house to an infestation of rats or mice. Ideally, prevention is the primary method of pest control. This involves making the environment unfavorable for pests, reducing their attractiveness, and stopping them from breeding or moving into the area. Preventive methods can include creating physical barriers to prevent pests from entering, which is called pest proofing. This can involve installing screens on windows and doors and repairing cracks and crevices. It also involves removing or blocking nest sites, which can stop pests from developing an infestation and stop it from getting worse.
Some pests are difficult to prevent, but preventing the build-up of a problem is still important. This is especially true in enclosed areas, where pests can cause serious damage or pose health hazards.
In the home, this can mean keeping garbage in containers with tight-fitting lids and reducing clutter where pests may hide. It can also include regularly washing dirty dishes and scrubbing floors to reduce food sources for pests and avoiding leaving pet feces around the property. Other important preventive measures include reducing moisture, which can be a draw for some pests, and keeping water and food in containers that are tightly sealed.
Sanitation practices are important for preventing and suppressing pests in industrial and agricultural settings. This can include instituting a protocol for inspecting incoming materials for signs of pests and establishing sanitation and cleaning standards. It can also include eliminating weeds and other potential food sources for pests and ensuring that waste is handled properly to minimize the chance of carryover from one area to another.
Integrated pest management, or IPM, is a combination of preventive and control strategies that can be used to manage pests in urban, agricultural and wildland environments. It is often combined with biological and chemical control methods and focuses on maintaining balance in natural ecosystems to avoid overly disrupting them. In addition, IPM programs are designed to minimize the use of hazardous materials for pest control. This is important because the chemicals that are used for pest control can be damaging to humans and other organisms in and near the affected areas.
Pest Control Methods
There are several ways to control pests. Physical and mechanical controls kill or block the pests or make the environment unsuitable for them to survive and thrive. This type of control includes trapping rodents, blocking holes in doors and windows, and spraying for insects. In farming, field burning and trap cropping are examples of physical controls. Some physical controls are more subtle than others. For example, storing food in airtight containers or removing stacks of newspaper piles that mice like to chew on are both ways to deny pests the foods they need.
Chemical pest control uses poisons and other substances to kill or affect the behavior of the pests, usually in a targeted way to avoid harming beneficial or non-target organisms. The substances may be gases, liquids, granules, powders, or ready-to-use sprays. In general, these chemicals should be used by only qualified pest control technicians to minimize the risk of poisoning people or pets.
Biological pest control relies on natural enemies such as parasites, predators, or pathogens to reduce the population of a target pest. When supplemented by human management, this can be a very effective control method.
In many cases, a combination of physical, biological, and chemical controls is needed to manage pests and protect plants, crops, and people. Integrated pest management (IPM) is a comprehensive approach to pest control that involves monitoring and assessing the problem, using preventive measures when possible, and taking quick action when necessary.
In outdoor situations, eradication of pests is rarely the goal; instead, prevention and suppression are the main goals. Threshold-based decision making is the key to deciding when to take quick action. For example, noticing one wasp flying around occasionally doesn’t warrant action, but seeing them in increasing numbers each day does. In enclosed areas such as homes, schools, and offices, eradication is more likely the goal, because these places are smaller and easier to control. Generally, the goal of Integrated Pest Management in indoor environments is to eliminate the pests without causing harm to the environment or people. This is accomplished by monitoring the pests, scouting, and deploying an appropriate response when the threshold is reached.
Pesticides
Pesticides are man-made chemicals that kill or disrupt the life cycles of target organisms such as insects, weeds and fungi. They are designed to be used on a specific pest and are usually formulated with the active ingredient(s) listed on the label. The label also lists warnings, restrictions, and hazards for the product. Pesticides are generally grouped into families, and a single product may contain active ingredients from more than one family.
The type of pesticide to use will depend on the pest, its habitat and the level of damage. For example, a soil-dissolving bactericide can control root-knot nematodes without damaging the plant; but a foliar spray might be needed to destroy caterpillars or other larval stage pests that feed on leaves.
Pesticide products are available in liquid, solid and gaseous forms. Liquid formulations include solutions, suspensions (flowables), emulsifiable concentrates and aerosols; solids are pellets, granules, soluble granules and baits. Gaseous forms include fumigants.
Health impacts from exposure to pesticides can range from mild to serious, depending on the toxicity of the chemical, length of exposure and concentration of the exposure. Acute exposures can result in headaches, dizziness, muscular twitching or weakness, tingling sensations and nausea; and can cause organ damage, cancers, reproductive problems and changes to the endocrine system (which controls hormones).
A number of factors affect how hazardous a pesticide is including its toxicity, the method of application and the conditions under which it is used. To reduce hazards, always read and follow the label’s instructions and precautions carefully. Consider reducing or eliminating the need for pesticides by using preventive methods such as proper site selection, destroying pest shelters and breeding sites, avoiding over-fertilizing plants, using crop rotation and incorporating organic matter into the soil.
Indoors, keep pesticides out of reach of children and pets; keep food, cooking utensils and other personal items away from treated areas; and clean up spills immediately. Use bait stations for rodents and other pests, and use surface sprays sparingly and only in out-of-the-way areas like along skirting boards. Always apply pesticides in windless weather, to minimise the chance of drifting onto areas where they aren’t wanted or needed.